Footnotes:
{1} An English translation of the 'Lehrbuch der Botanik' by Professor Sachs, has recently (1875), appeared under the title of 'Text-Book of Botany,' and this is a great boon to all lovers of natural science in England.
{2} 'Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences,' vol. iv. Aug. 12, 1858, p. 98.
{3} Ludwig H. Palm, 'Ueber das Winden der Pflanzen;' Hugo von Mohl, 'Ueber den Bau und des Winden der Ranken und Schlingpflanzen,' 1827. Palm's Treatise was published only a few weeks before Mohl's. See also 'The Vegetable Cell' (translated by Henfrey), by H. von Mohl, p. 147 to end.
{4} "Des Mouvements revolutife Respontanes," &c., 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xvii. (1843) p. 989; "Recherches sur la Volubilite des Tiges," &c., tom. xix. (1844) p. 295.
{5} 'Bull. Bot Soc. de France,' tom. v. 1858, p. 356.
{6} This whole subject has been ably discussed and explained by H. de Vries, 'Arbeiten des Bot. Instituts in Wurzburg,' Heft iii. pp. 331, 336. See also Sachs ('Text-Book of Botany,' English translation, 1875, p. 770), who concludes "that torsion is the result of growth continuing in the outer layers after it has ceased or begun to cease in the inner layers."
{7} Professor Asa Gray has remarked to me, in a letter, that in Thuja occidentalis the twisting of the bark is very conspicuous. The twist is generally to the right of the observer; but, in noticing about a hundred trunks, four or five were observed to be twisted in an opposite direction. The Spanish chestnut is often much twisted: there is an interesting article on this subject in the 'Scottish Farmer,' 1865, p. 833.
{8} It is well known that the stems of many plants occasionally become spirally twisted in a monstrous manner; and after my paper was read before the Linnean Society, Dr. Maxwell Masters remarked to me in a letter that "some of these cases, if not all, are dependent upon some obstacle or resistance to their upward growth." This conclusion agrees with what I have said about the twisting of stems, which have twined round rugged supports; but does not preclude the twisting being of service to the plant by giving greater rigidity to the stem.
{9} The view that the revolving movement or nutation of the stems of twining plants is due to growth is that advanced by Sachs and H. de Vries; and the truth of this view is proved by their excellent observations.
{10} The mechanism by which the end of the shoot remains hooked appears to be a difficult and complex problem, discussed by Dr. H. de Vries (ibid. p. 337): he concludes that "it depends on the relation between the rapidity of torsion and the rapidity of nutation."
{11} Dr. H. de Vries also has shown (ibid. p. 321 and 325) by a better method than that employed by me, that the stems of twining plants are not irritable, and that the cause of their winding up a support is exactly what I have described.
{12} Dr. H. de Vries states (ibid. p. 322) that the stem of Cuscuta is irritable like a tendril.
{13} See Dr. H. de Vries (ibid. p. 324) on this subject.
{14} Comptes Rendus, 1844, tom. xix. p. 295, and Annales des Sc. Nat 3rd series, Bot., tom. ii. p. 163.
{15} I am much indebted to Dr. Hooker for having sent me many plants from Kew; and to Mr. Veitch, of the Royal Exotic Nursery, for having generously given me a collection of fine specimens of climbing plants. Professor Asa Gray, Prof. Oliver, and Dr. Hooker have afforded me, as on many previous occasions, much information and many references.
{16} Journal of the Linn. Soc. (Bot.) vol. ix. p. 344. I shall have occasion often to quote this interesting paper, in which he corrects or confirms various statements made by me.
{17} I raised nine plants of the hybrid Loasa Herbertii, and six of these also reversed their spire in ascending a support.
{18} In another genus, namely Davilla, belonging to the same family with Hibbertia, Fritz Muller says (ibid. p. 349) that "the stem twines indifferently from left to right, or from right to left; and I once saw a shoot which ascended a tree about five inches in diameter, reverse its course in the same manner as so frequently occurs with Loasa."
{19} Fritz Muller states (ibid. p. 349) that he saw on one occasion in the forests of South Brazil a trunk about five feet in circumference spirally ascended by a plant, apparently belonging to the Menispermaceae. He adds in his letter to me that most of the climbing plants which there ascend thick trees, are root-climbers; some being tendril-bearers.